Tourism and Dubai Essay Example

Tourism and Dubai Essay Dubai is one of the seven emirates in the United Arab Emirates. It is the second largest emirate by area 4,114km2 after Abu Dhabi. Dubai is considered to be the jewel in the Middle East. Dubai has risen to be a well planned and developed city from the oasis in the dessert. It is a young tourist destination which has gained popularity recently. Dubai is the most populous emirate of the seven emirates of Unite Arab Emirates. It is one of the few cities that have rapidly transformed itself into a developed city. Dubai is the link between the east the west.It is one of the major transit stops for all the airlines who are travelling around the world. In the year 2009 Dubai was hit with an economic crisis post which Dubai managed the downfall very well and since then it has had a booming economy till now. Dubai is certainly the destination of the 21st century. It has been popular with the tourist for its shopping festivals, malls and well developed infrastructure. Though Dubai was the firs t city to develop in the tourism sector in the Middle East it is very difficult to sustain because its neighbouring competitors are also striving hard to gain popularity in terms of tourism in the world.Dubai has over 2 million people from more than 200 nationalities, it is one of the most cosmopolitan cities in the world, just when you think you’ve seen it all, a new project is announced , whether it is the launch of a sports stadium, a mega commercial tower, a residential enclave or yet another shopping mall. Dubai is constantly on the move, striving for greater heights and more facilities and comfort for its residents and visitors. Product Offer Dubai has been one of the top tourist destinations in the world. Due to the impressive boom in construction on a very grand scale it attracts tourist all over the world.In the year 2009 Dubai attracted 7. 8 million visitors even though there was an economic crisis going on. Many tourist attractions have been built to attract the to urists. Dubai expects 15 million visitors by the year 2015. Dubai is popular because of its geographic location as it is very easily accessible by most of the Asian countries and the Indian sub-continent. Dubai is known for its splendid infrastructure, it has a wide range of products to offer to the tourist ranging from big sophisticated malls, parks, zoos, museums, stadiums, beaches and luxurious hotels.Dubai is also known for its masterpiece the manmade islands namely Palm Jumeirah, Palm Deira, Palm Jabel Ali and the world. Dubai has the tallest building in the world called the Burj khalifa and it has the 4th tallest hotel in the world called Burj al Arab and various night clubs and fine dine restaurants. Pricing Strategy Dubai has made a place for itself in the international market it has been up-to-date with all the latest demands and needs trending in the international market. Tourism has been one of the major contributors in Dubai’s economy. Pre-economic crisis Dubai wa s at its best only to see a ownfall in the year 2009 when the economic crisis hit Dubai. However, Dubai has managed to recover with the economic crisis and has done exceptionally well. As Dubai was doing really well prior to the economic crisis it had a psychological pricing strategy but post economic crisis in the year 2009, Dubai is trying to penetrate the market to get more number of investors and enhance its tourism industry so that it can rebuild. The visa rules and regulation in Dubai plays a major role for the visitors come in. It can be termed as differentiated strategy.Dubai is trying to accommodate more and more number of immigrants which would help the government to generate more revenue. Service concept Dubai has been one of the premium destinations to visit with a lot of attractions and places to see. It has built elite resorts and hotels, many heritage buildings, Parks and zoos and many manmade islands. Dubai is constantly trying to provide a memorable experience for i ts customers and make their stay as safe and convenient as possible. Dubai has information systems installed on the roads where an individual can search for all the nearby places and attractions.Dubai also has some future plans which it aims to complete by the year 2015 namely Dubai land, The World, City of Arabia, Culture village, Bawadi, Sahara Kingdom, Arabian Canal and Dubai International City. Key marketing strategies Due to globalisation countries all over the world are competing amongst each other, this is where the need of marketing comes into existence. Marketing plays an important role in ones business it helps to grow and develop a destination. A destination can have the top notch products but to let the world know about them it feels the need to market.In the same Dubai has also marketed itself to the world so that the world comes to know what it is offering. Prior to the economic crisis in 2009, Dubai is in the rejuvenating stage so it is trying to offer new products to the market which will attract more tourists and visitors. It has done exceptionally well in penetrating the market. It has also introduced various festivals, exhibitions and trade shows to attract the visitors namely Cityscape Global, Big boys toy exhibition, Dubai shopping festival and cityscape Global etc. These festivals, exhibitions, conferences and trade shows attract many nternational visitors. Dubai also has its own web site called www. definatelydubai. com on which an individual can know about the place at one go. Dubai has tried hard to market itself through various means like Advertisement, internet, television and public relations. Main target market There are various types of travellers that come into Dubai for various reasons, the main target market for Dubai are a) Airlines and ship crew: As Dubai is one of the major stops for all the airlines and cruise lines travelling around the world therefore, accommodating maximum number of airline and ship crews. ) Expatriates: 80% of the total population in Dubai are expatriates who enter Dubai for various job opportunities and settle in Dubai. c) Leisure travellers: Due to the luxury hotels all around Dubai and the recreational activities it is one of the hot spots for the travellers looking for leisure activities. d) Honeymooners: Dubai has a distinguished and unique facilities, it has luxury 5 star hotels which provide splendid facilities, hotels like Burj Al Arab and various other luxury hotels are the best hotels where this type of market segment can enjoy. ) Sports tourism: Dubai has one of the well built stadiums and the sporting activities that are promoted by Dubai are of a very unique nature. They undertake activities like sand skiing in dessert, horse race and came racing etc. Dubai has hosted the following international championships a) Dubai world cup – the richest horse racing in the world b) Dubai classic – the gold championship c) Barclays Dubai Tennis d) UIM World Powerboat racing e) Rugby 7’s f) Dubai snooker classic Main challenges faced:One of the major challenges faced by Dubai was in the year 2009 when it had an economic downfall. At that time the tourism and hotel industry of Dubai suffered losses, they introduced special discounts to lure the people to come to Dubai. It has a lot of cultural restrictions that would prevent some tourists from coming to Dubai. Also political stability in the neighbouring countries can have an effect of Dubai. Only the hotel industry in Dubai is competitive with 47 different brands to choose from. Environmental AnalysisEnvironmental analysis is nothing but a marketing strategy which helps a destination or an organisation to reach its marketing goals by outlining the techniques and behaviour you can take into consideration to reach your marketing objectives. It helps in evaluating the possible impacts of external environment and forces on the current strategies and growth of the organisation. Every destinati on feels the need to do an environmental analysis to have a competitive edge and as well as to know their strength, weakness, opportunities and threats to their business.Dubai as a leading tourist destination of the world (Kumar) aims to provide a memorable and cherishing experience to all its tourists. Dubai has a very competitive environment within the Middle East itself so the environmental analysis will only help Dubai to identify its current spot in the market and its strengths and weaknesses. Environmental analysis consists of the macro environmental scanning. Macro environmental scanning further consists of the following:- a) Political factors b) Economical factors c) Socio-cultural factors ) Technological factors e) Ecological factors f) Legal factors Marketing information system (MIS) Marketing information system helps in accumulating, handing out, storing and disseminate data in the form of data needed to carry out management functions. According to (Kotler) â€Å"A marke ting information system consists of people, equipment, and procedures to gather, sort, analyses, evaluate and distribute needed, timely, and accurate information to marketing decision makers. † It basically gives three types of information:- Recurrent informationThis type of data is supplied by the MIS regularly about the market share and customer awareness of a particular product or organisation. It may be supplied Daily, Weekly, monthly or yearly. (http://agbssem1. webs. com) Monitoring information This type of information is gathered from the frequent scanning for selected sources. This data helps in the concerned managers to be alert and identify potential problems. (http://agbssem1. webs. com) Requested information This information is made available in response to requests made by the marketing manager. Data has been collected through survey research.The MIS supplies the requested information in decision making. (http://agbssem1. webs. com) The information collected for a destination can be in various forms like No. of visitors, No. of accommodation, Development in technology and the annual revenue earned. This information is collected by the division of tourism, Dubai. As Dubai is one of the leading destinations of the world, it attracts visitors for various purposes like Sightseeing, travel packages, investments in estates, nightclubs and shopping. This helps to generate revenue for the government.As marketing information system helps to accumulate and keep data in the form of figures it will surly prove helpful for Dubai to formulate its strategy for its ongoing and fast growth in the market. The advantages of having a marketing information system are as follows:- a) MIS helps to recognise market trends in heed of value, designs of commodities and style. b) It facilitates marketing forecast and control. c) It helps in rapid supply of data which helps to take quick decision. d) It helps in making quality decisions. e) It helps to avoid crisis.Ther efore, it is vital to have a marketing information system setup for any destination or an organisation to identify its current market and to be updated about its current trends. Environmental Scanning: Environmental scanning deals with process of researching and analysing events and changes that are occurring in the external environmental. (Hsu, Killion, Brown, Gross, amp; Huang, 2008) It refers to macro environment which consists of all the external factors that are political, economical, socio- cultural, technological and legal factors. It further consists of industries, companies, clients and competitors.Such factors play a major role in influencing an industry or a market. Environmental scanning is a process of carefully scrutinising of a company or a destination’s internal and external environments for the purpose of detecting initial signs of opportunities and threats which may affect or help in its existing and future prospects. Dubai has been a popular destination wit h many opportunities. Therefore, Environmental scanning will prove helpful to the destination to survive in the market and reach its full potential by getting to know about its opportunities and threats.As there are a lots of international tourist who are travelling around the globe and want to explore different countries in the world there is a need for Dubai to formulate proper strategies and do efficient environmental analysis to maintain the pace with its competitors. Dubai is emerging to be a powerful tourist destination so it has to be well aware of the opportunities in and around Dubai so it can capitalise on them. PESTEL analysis: PESTEL analysis deals with the 6 factors that are political, economical, social, technological, ecological and legal.PESTEL analysis will be a great help for Dubai as it would come to know about its competitors and threats to Dubai. It helps in formulating strategies for the development of a destination to grow in the market. It will help Dubai to identify the potential opportunities and exploit them. Political: Dubai is one of the seven emirates in UAE, The political conditions of Dubai is more stable than its neighbouring competitors. The government and the department of tourism in Dubai have helped a lot in the development of tourism in Dubai. Some political factors that influence Dubai’s tourism is as follows:- ) The government thrives to improve its international ties with other countries which could facilitate tourism industry in Dubai. b) The visa policies to enter Dubai are one of the major factors that attract a number of visitors. An international visitor does not need to apply for a visa in advance to visit Dubai. However it is only applicable to the countries listed in the GCC. It has a visa on arrival which makes it very convenient for the visitors coming in. c) A foreign national can own up to 55. 5% of the ownership of the business he is investing in which was 49% in the year 2011 however a foreign compa ny can operate in three ways i. . a local sponsor, Tie-up with a national company or UAE national or through a private limited company or public shareholding company. d) The government has constantly tried to improve the safety of the tourists in Dubai and bring in many up-to-date facilities. Economical: Dubai has undergone a drastic change over the last 30 years, it has been a major business centre with a more active and diversified economy. As it has a very good strategic location it is one of the biggest re-exporting centres in the middle-east. Activities like trade, transport, tourism industry and finance has had a major contribution in Dubai’s economy.There has been a popular belief that the major contributions to Dubai’s economy come from oil, but it is the tourism industry now that has a major contribution in Dubai’s economy. Oil only contributes 6% of the total economy of Dubai. (http://dubai. ae) a) Dubai had an economy of US $92. 11 in the year 2011. ( http://www. dubaitourism. ae) b) The tourism industry contributed 11. 45% of the total economy. c) Dubai has formulated certain strategies and plans to boost its tourism by the year 2015. d) Dubai’s hotels recorded a growth of 10% in visitors in the year 2011. e) Alternatively Dubai had a foreign debt of US $100 billion. ) It had a growth in its GDP by 3. 4% in the year 2011. g) Dubai has a multi-billion construction project taking shape to promote more tourist attraction and improve its infrastructure. Social:- Social factors consist of the demographics, Population, safety and the literacy rate of an organisation or destination. These factors influence the market growth of a destination. According to (DWTC, 2013) a) The population of Dubai till date is 2. 2 million. b) The male to female ratio is 1:3 Dubai has been a male dominant society for ages however it has now started to give more freedom to the women. ) Only 20% of the total population in Dubai are actually from Dubai rest all are expatriates which hail from 200 different countries. d) The native language spoken in Dubai is Arabic but as there are a lot of people from different other countries English is also well spoken. e) Dubai has a literacy rate of 94% f) The religion followed in Dubai is Islamic but an individual has a freedom to follow any religion he likes. g) The crime rate in Dubai is almost next to nil. Technological:- Technology plays an important role for any destination due to the travellers coming from all over the world.Dubai has invested a lot of money in developing its technology and infrastructure. Dubai has a lot of tourist attractions and tall buildings to see. Dubai has been up to date with the world in regards to technology. a) Dubai has the tallest building in the world called Burj Khalifa it is 828 meter tall which is equipped with highest elevator installation and also the fastest elevators at the speed of 64km/h. It would take just a minute to reach from the ground flo or to the top floor. b) The city has free flowing tolling booths so the cars are automatically charged using Radio Frequency Identification technology. ) Dubai has one of the tallest hotels in the world called Burj al Arab. d) Dubai has a multi-billion construction project taking shape which has engaged around 30,000 construction cranes i. e. 25% of the total cranes worldwide. Dubai also has systems installed on the roads where anyone can stop and have a look at the nearest restaurants, pubs, nightclubs and other information. The infrastructures and technology of Dubai is well up to date which makes it very convenient for the visitors and tourists coming in and helps to make their experience more memorable. Ecological:- Dubai enjoys one of the best strategic locations in the world.It has had an edge over its competitors because of its strategic location and the government of Dubai capitalising on it. a) Dubai has scenic and beautiful beaches all throughout its coast. b) Dubai has al so built 3 artificial islands namely Palm Jebel Ali, Palm Jumeirah, Palm Deira. c) The climate in Dubai is relatively very hot and dry. In the summers (July to October) the temperatures can go up to 40? C. d) According to (http://www. emirates247. com) Dubai is one of the cleanest cities in the world and is rated as one of the best cities to live and work in because of the rising labour and skill requirement. ) Dubai faces the problem of water the water is very scarce in Dubai which poses to be a major concern for Dubai as of now. f) Dubai has a very big International air port and is one of the major stops for all the airlines who are travelling around the world. Legal:- The United Arab Emirates is a grouping of seven emirates comprising of Abu Dhabi, Ajman Fujairah, Ras al Kjaimah, Sharjah, Umm Al Quwain and Dubai. The UAE constitution provides for an allowance of powers between the central government and the administration of each emirate.Dubai is bound with the federal law of the UAE but it has all the rights to monitors its own internal affairs and it also enjoy certain other rights. a) The use of any pornographic material in Dubai is strictly banned by the government. Certain other materials like drugs and anti-Islamic resources cannot be brought into Dubai. b) Two people of the opposite sex cannot hold hands in public or share any private space with each other unless they belong to the same family or married. c) Dubai has Zero tolerance policy regarding alcohol and drugs.Anyone found with even a minute quantity of drugs is subject to 4 years in prison before deportation. Alcohol and pork is tabooed in the Islamic religion. Though consumption of alcohol is allowed for non-Muslims but it should be only at licensed pubs or bars and the consumer should hold an alcohol license. e) Clothing of women should not be indecent the clothes should not be transparent or too short, where as for men they have to cover their chest at all times when in public. Environment al scanning procedure Areas for scanning| Medium| Responsibility | Reporting to| Timing|Customers| Hotel and resorts| Service staff of the hotel| Management and Head of departments| Daily| | Foreign Nationals| Staff and management| Dubai department of tourism and commerce marketing| Daily| Marketing Agencies| Advertising agencies| Service staff and management| Operation and journalism department of Dubai| Daily| | Newspaper| Journalists and staff| Operation and journalism department of Dubai| Daily| Transport System| Airlines| Staff and management| Dubai Transport department| Daily| | Cruise lines| Staff and management| Dubai Transport department| Daily| Economy| Inflation rateGDP per capitaRevenue| Hotels,Business organisations,Entrepreneurs,Investors| Dubai tourism and commerce management, Govt of Dubai| Annually| | Revenue| Hotels,Entrepreneurs.Investors| Govt of Dubai| Quarterly| | Foreign Exchange| Banks| Govt of Dubai| Daily| Technological| Automation of daily activities,Commu nication Technology| linked agency| Technological department of Dubai| Weekly| | Infrastructure| Govt of Dubai| -| Monthly| Legal| Minimum wage | Law and legislation department| Human Resource Department| Annually | | Laws| Law and legislation department| -| Annually| Socio-cultural factors| Age, Population, male to female ratio| Dubai statistic centre| Government of Dubai| Annually| | Education, Literacy rate| Ministry of Education| Government of Dubai| Annually| | Crime rate| Dubai police force| Government of Dubai| Annually| Situational analysisDubai has been doing everything to make itself the leading tourist destination of the world. It has explored itself drastically in the last few decades and still growing in the market day by day as one of the leading destinations, However as everything has some strengths and weakness in the same way Dubai also has its own strengths and weaknesses. It is very important for a destination to be well aware of its strengths and weaknesses and a lso about the opportunities that are in the market so it can capitalise on them effectively. A destination should know about the potential threats it has in the fast paced market so as to avoid any crisis or problems.Strengths and weakness are the internal factors whereas opportunities and threats and the external factors. (Hsu, Killion, Brown, Gross, amp; Huang, 2008) Strengths a) Despite of not much of economic contribution is done by oil. Dubai has some of the leading companies of oil who are still actively supplying oil all over the world. b) After the economic crisis of 2009, Dubai has seen a very fast economic growth. c) The infrastructure of Dubai is very beautiful and there are a lot of tourist attractions to see in Dubai such have the tallest building in the world and upcoming projects like Dubailand and underwater hotel. d) Dubai has some of the most luxury 5 star hotels. e) No political turmoil. f) High quality of transport and infrastructure.Weakness a) There is major sc arcity of water in Dubai, Which can lead to possible wars between the neighbouring nations who face the same problem. b) There is a negative image of the Middle East. c) Dubai has very strict rule and regulations which prevents an individual to do anything he wants. d) Dubai has too many plans in the near future but not many completed projects. (www. studymode. com) e) It is deficient of natural resources. f) There are only 20% of UAE nationals of the total population of Dubai. g) Dubai attracts visitor more because of its luxuries but that might only appeal a small segment h) It has cultural restrictions. Opportunities ) The oil prices in the world market are booming this can boost Dubai’s economy. b) A lot of foreign investment is done in Dubai. c) Increases in number of employment and job opportunities for immigrants. Threats a) It has very strong competitors within the Middle East. b) It is estimated that Dubai will lose all its oil resources in the next 30 years. (Lee am p; Jain) c) It has a partial media exposure. d) Terrorism can further affect the image of the Middle East. Therefore, looking at the situational analysis Dubai has a booming economy even after its downfall in the year 2009. Tourism and hotel industry is fast booming which is contributing a major portion in Dubai’s economy.Dubai has many projects lined up regarding their infrastructure by the year 2015 after all the projects are complete, Dubai will be able to attract more number on visitors. Dubai has been very popular worldwide and one of the best places to live on earth. Dubai has to focus on its internal and external factors carefully so it reaches its full potential. Target market analysis One of major factors to be considered in the marketing is customer. Target market is a process by which the consumer tries to meet the needs and want of the customers in order to sell its product or service. In doing so the consumer not only satisfies the customer but also converts the customer into future investment for the organization or business.Target market process can be divided into various stages such as geographic, demographic, and psychographic. Hence target market plays a crucial role in development and sustainability of any destination or product. It is ongoing process and has to be carried frequently in order to go on with the trend. Dubai has been the most renowned destination in the world from many years. It has been one of the most happening cities in the world due to its unique projects features and event organized by them. Hence the main credit goes to The Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing (DTCM) which was established in January 1997. Dubai? s hotels has one of the highest revenue par worldwide therefore attracting many international customers.The vision statement of DTCM is â€Å"To position Dubai as the leading tourism destination and commercial hub in the world† and the mission is â€Å"To develop sustainable tourism† . In the year 2009 Dubai experienced a tremendous downfall in the occupancy rate. The reason for the drop of the occupancy rate was the recession period in US which slowed down the occupancy rate in Dubai (DTCM, 2009b). So while doing a market research i. e. target market analysis it is important to carry out competitive analysis with the other contender /competitor in order to stay ahead of the competitor. The destination must provide a unique and different product which will attract the customers rather than the competitors. Market segmentationThe process of defining and sub dividing a large market into identifiable segments which has similar services or product to offer which matches the expectations of the customers. Hence marketing segment can be divided into two groups geographical segmentation and psychographic segmentation. Geographic segmentation Collecting and analyzing information according to the physical location of the customer or other data source. Geographic segmenta tion is often used in marketing, since companies selling product and service would like to know where their product is being sold in order to increase advertising and sales efforts in that particular location. 2011- Dubai Hotels and Hotels Apartments Guest by Nationality | | | | | Sr. o| Nationality| Hotels| Hotels and Apartments| Total| 1. )| Asia| 3,478,626| 848,640| 4,327,266| 2. )| Europe| 3,543,753| 603,551| 414,704| 3. )| Other AGCC| 2,377,681| 858,922| 3,236,603| 4. )| Africa (excl. Arab)| 887,942| 424,123| 892,664| 5. )| Russia/CIS/Baltic| 449,139| 617,13| 510,852| 6. )| Australia and Pacific| 189,136| 33,502| 222,638| The above table shows the distribution of visitors to Dubai on basis of geographic area and market for Dubai. Dubai enjoys a high no of visitors every year and is increasing each year from Asia and is mostly concentrated in the South Asia which compromises of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Iran, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka etc.It also has many visitors from Europ e and AGCC the AGCC region is Arab Gulf Country Council. It includes 6 countries Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia and UAE. Thee least no of visitors are from Australia and CIS which is a common wealth of independent state. As Asia is the important market for Dubai as it attracts more visitors from that region so it should be more concentrated in order to gain more business. Based on the above data the information about the spending power of the visitors can also be gathered (DTCM, 2011a) Spending in Accommodation by Top 10 Source Market | | | | | Sr. no| Names of the Country| 2009| 2010| Total| 1. )| United Kingdom| $121M| $124. 9M| $245. 9M| 2. )| United States| $72. M| $82. 1M| $154. 9M| 3. )| Saudi Arabia| $53. 6M| $70. 5M| $124. 1M| 4. )| France | $36. 3M| $35. 9M| $72. 2M| 5. )| Italy | $26. 5M| $24. 6M| $51. 1M| 6. )| Russia | $24. 5M| $24. 6M| $49. 1M| 7. )| Germany | $23. 3M| $23. 8M| $47. 1M| 8. )| Kuwait | $19. 4M| $24. 4M| $43. 8M| 9. )| Switzerland | $21. 4M| $ 22. 3M| $43. 7M| 10. )| Qatar | $17M| $21. 7M| $38. 7M| According to the data above it clearly shows that United Kingdom, United States and Saudi Arabia are the top three countries which spend more on their accommodation in Dubai in which total accumulates to $254. 9M, $154. 9M, $124. 1M. This is almost equal to 61-66% of the entire market.Hence the country which spends on accommodation ranges from $35-$51M. The countries which spend the least on their accommodation are Kuwait ($43. 8), Switzerland ($43. 7) and Qatar ($38. 7). Data gathered from (DTCM, 2011a). Psychographic Segmentation Psychographic Segmentation is a strategy whereby the intended audience for a given product is divided according to social class, life style or personality. Hence the strategy is used to promote product. As Dubai is a popular city and it is important to distinguish its visitors based on their purpose of visit so as to understand their needs and wants better. Therefore there are 6 categories of visitor s who visit Dubai which are as followed:-Psychographic Segmentation| Characteristics| Business Travelers| These are visitors who visit for business they have visited Dubai on regular basis for business they travel on their own and make their own booking and arrangements. The length of stay varies according to their business| Airlines and Ship Crew| This clientele are frequent visitors to the Dubai. All the arrangement is made by the company for which they work. The length of are from 2 – 3 days. | Conference Visitors| These visitors visit Dubai on a regular basis for purpose of attending a co-operate or business conference or seminars. All the arrangements are made by them. The length of stay is 6 – 12 days. Working Expatriates| These are the visitors who are visiting Dubai for the first time they have arrangements of own for accommodation but not in hotels. The length of stay may be one year or more. | Leisure Visitors| These visitors are visiting Dubai for the first time and make their own arrangements they prefer to stay in 5 star hotels. The length of stay is 5 – 10 days| Sports Visitors| These are sports person who visit Dubai for purpose of sports event all the arrangements are made by the organizers who organizes the event. The length of stay depends upon the duration of event. | Market Segment Psychographic Segmentation| Percentages| Business Travelers| 32%| Airlines and Ship Crew| 10%| Conference Visitors| 12%|Working Expatriates| 11%| Leisure Visitors| 25%| Sports Visitors| 10%| As the above data shows that the business travelers are the frequent visitors to Dubai with 32% as they visit for their business purpose and then come the leisure travelers with 25% they travel for the purpose of relaxing to enjoy or to take a break from their daily schedule. So the main market in which is attracted by Dubai is the business and leisure travelers. While the other market that contributes to the economy of the country are Airlines and Ship C rew (10%), Conference Visitors (12%), Working Expatriates (11%) and Sports Visitors (10%) (DTCM, 2011a) Potential markets profileFrom the data gathered about the visitors coming to Dubai we can define the potential target market for Dubai so that it can concentrate more on it to gain more revenue from its potential market. Hence after comparing and analyzing the data we have 3 potential markets for Dubai (DTCM, 2011) India: Statistics: * Population- 1,222,200,000 * Growth Rate- 1. 41% * Literacy Rate- 81. 4% * Unemployment- 7. 8% Access: Indian visitor require a visa for their arrival in Dubai from the travel agent or sponsored. Demographics: Male from 26-45 year of age group visit Dubai. Value: Indian tourist contributes about $702,142 to the economy of the Dubai. Characteristics:Mostly Indian travelers are visiting Dubai for the first time. The length of stay is very short as they take a quick break from their schedule to relax. Most of them are business or leisure travelers. Th

Ten Arguments Against Teen Abstinence

Ten Arguments Against Teen Abstinence Continued from the article 10 Arguments For Abstinence - Pros and Cons of Abstinence, Part I Ten Arguments Against Abstinence Telling teens to be abstinent isnot realistic at all said Bristol Palin, daughter of 2008 vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin, in her first interview after giving birth at 18.Abstinence means different things to different people, and some forms of abstinence can still spread sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Teens who abstain from vaginal intercourse but engage in oral sex, mutual masturbation or anal sex can still be infected by STDs. Any skin-to-skin contact including genital-to-genital, hand-to-genital or mouth-to-genital can spread disease.Abstinence only works if teens stick to their pledge. But according to researcher Janet E. Rosenbaum of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Taking a pledge doesnt seem to make any difference at all in any sexual behavior.Over the past five years, several major studies have found that abstinence-only education has no effect in stopping or delaying sex. According to Emerging Answers 2007, commissioned by the nonpartisan N ational Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, there does not exist any strong evidence that any abstinence program delays the initiation of sex, hastens the return to abstinence, or reduces the number of sexual partners. Teens who break their vows of abstinence are much less likely to use contraceptives than those who do not pledge abstinence. A report published in the January 2009 issue of Pediatrics found that teens who break their pledge are less likely to get tested for STDs and may have STDs for longer periods of time than teens who do not pledge abstinence.Since teens who pledge abstinence are much less likely to use contraceptives if they break their pledge, their risk of becoming pregnant is significantly greater. A sexually active teen who does not use contraception has a 90% chance of becoming pregnant within a year.The declining in the rate of teen pregnancy nationwide is now recognized as due to increased use of contraception, and not abstinence. According to the Guttmacher Institute, Recent research concluded that almost all of the decline in the pregnancy rate between 1995 and 2002 among 18–19-year-olds was attributable to increased contraceptive use. Among women aged 15-17, abou t one-quarter of the decline during the same period was attributable to reduced sexual activity and three-quarters to increased contraceptive use. Abstinence sends the wrong message to girls and young women. Author and womens issues advocate Jessica Valenti argues, While boys are taught that the things that make them men - good men - are universally accepted ethical ideals, women are led to believe that our moral compass lies somewhere between our legs....Virginity and chastity are reemerging as a trend in pop culture, in our schools, in the media, and even in legislation. So while young women are subject to overt sexual messages every day, theyre simultaneously being taught - by the people who are supposed to care for their personal and moral development, no less - that their only real worth is their virginity and ability to remain pure.The states with the highest teen pregnancy rates and teen birth rates in the U.S. are either states that do not mandate sex education or HIV education or stress abstinence-only as the primary method of preventing pregnancy.Teens who realize that they may engage in sexual activity take resp onsibility for preventing pregnancy by choosing a method of contraception in advance. For sexually experienced females age 15-19, nearly all (99%) used some form of contraception at least once during sexual intercourse. Sources:Boonstra, Heather. Advocates Call for a New Approach After the Era of Abstinence-Only’ Sex. Guttmacher Policy Review. Winter 2009, vol. 12, no. 1.Bristol Palin: Abstinence for all teens not realistic. CNN.com. 17 February 2009.Sanchez, Mitzi. Teen Pregnancy: No Contraceptive? 90% Chance Of Getting Pregnant. Huffingtonpost.com. 15 February 2012.Vilibert, Diana. Jessica Valenti Debunks the Purity Myth. MarieClaire.com. 22 April 2009.

60-Second Game of Fairy Tale Improv

60-Second Game of Fairy Tale Improv For a good exercise in impromptu storytelling, try performing a well-known fairy tale in one minute flat. Drama classes and acting troupes alike can use the â€Å"60 Second Fairy Tale† to sharpen improvisational skills. Its also a great game for families and kids. How to Play Your cast size should be at least three people. (Four or five would be ideal.) One person serves as the Moderator, a person who interacts with the audience and plays the narrator, if necessary. The rest of the cast are the fairy tale performers. The Moderator asks the audience for fairy tale suggestions. Hopefully, the audience will shout out some great choices: Snow WhiteRapunzelThe Little MermaidHansel and GretelSleeping BeautyLittle Red Riding Hood Then, the Moderator selects a story everyone in the cast knows quite well. Remember, narratives such as â€Å"Cinderella† and â€Å"The Ugly Duckling† are more preferable- and more performable- than obscure fairy tales from ancient Babylonia. The Performance Begins Once the story has been chosen, the 60 second show can start. To keep the storyline fresh in the mind of the performers, the Moderator should quickly recap the key events of the story. Here’s an example: MODERATOR: â€Å"Okay, great, I heard someone suggest â€Å"The Three Little Pigs.† This is the one where three brother pigs each go about building their new homes, one with straw, the other with sticks, and the third with brick. A big bad wolf proceeds to demolish the first two houses, but can’t destroy the third. Now, let’s see this famous fairy tale performed for us in 60 seconds! Action!† Then the performers begin to act out the story. Even though they are trying to complete the entire tale in a very short amount of time, they should still create funny, interesting characters. They should also establish setting and conflict. Whenever the cast members slow things down, the Moderator can prompt them by narrating a new event, or simply by reading from a stopwatch. Nothing moves a scene along like calling out, â€Å"Twenty seconds left!† Variations Although the fast-paced nature of this game is very entertaining, there’s no harm in trying a â€Å"slower† five minute version. That way, actors can take their time and develop more character interactions and hilarious moments. Also, if the well of popular fairy tales runs dry, feel free to try out some of these Aesop fables: Tortoise and the HareThe Mouse and the LionThe Fox and the CrowThe Boy who Cried Wolf Or, if the talented acting troupe has a taste for pop-culture, try performing a movie in a minute. See what you can do with films such as: CasablancaStar WarsThe Wizard of OzGreaseGone with the Wind As with any improvisation activity, the goals are simple: have fun, develop characters, and think fast!

Network Organization, Addressing, and Routing Protocols Research Paper

Network Organization, Addressing, and Routing Protocols - Research Paper Example The database maintaining a routing table develops a shortest path tree. The routes are than calculated the routes while minimizing the use of bandwidth ("Open Shortest Path First." 353-353). However, for a successful OSPF deployment, defining are boundaries and address assignment is essential. (Thomas 800) if all these domains are addressed adequately, the output will make all the difference. These domains are categorized in six different sections illustrated below: OSPF Network Topology OSPF Addressing and Route Summarization OSPF Route Selection OSPF Convergence OSPF Network Scalability OSPF Security In order to achieve the desired objectives, OSPF will ensure data redundancy over the network. Routers without OSPF enabled configuration will only be able to efficiently communicate routing information with other routers and do not provide redundancy, minimum network utilization and identification of the shortest path (Moy 339). However, there are some considerations that must be take n in to account for implementing network redundancy in OSPF. In order to implement a redundant network with OSPF there must be a backbone line. Moreover, the size of the backbone link must be appropriate, as every router located on the backbone requires reconfiguration for the routes whenever every state of the link changes. On the other hand, if the size of the backbone is small, the likelihood for change is minimized along with the quantity of CPU cycles that is required to re configure routes. Furthermore, OSPF backbone must be synchronized and all the routers should be directly connected (Moy 339). As OSPF comprises of virtual links, they establish a path between two border routers that are not directly terminated on the backbone link. Likewise, these virtual links are utilized for reconciling segregated backbone. Lastly, locating workstations, servers or shared network resources on the backbone are not a suitable option, as their absence makes the environment more stable and ea sy. On the other hand, OSPF enabled routers will ensure shortest path for transmitting data in time and with few hops. Moreover, routing loops can be considered as an alternative to OSPF but have certain drawbacks. For instance, data collision can be unexpected and unmanageable within the network. Therefore, OSPF is recommended for data redundancy along with eliminating traffic bottlenecks that may occur (Moy 339). The newly established IP version 6 protocol integration with OSPF facilitates for achieving the desired outcomes from the network. Moreover, OSPF is considered as an adaptive routing technique that synchronizes with business networks via Internet Protocol and provides link state routing. This algorithm is beneficial for business networks because large amount of data is exchanged with high redundancy and efficiency. The ultimate benefit for deploying link state routing is the cost, as it is considered as a cost effective solution (Moy 339). OSPF adoption provides an infras tructure for interior gateway that is beneficial for minimizing for excluding erroneous routing tables, minimizing memory usage and limits the usability on processors that are involved in the process. For satisfying the appetite of bandwidth hungry applications, advanced network protocols are essential to maintain even a network for small medium enterprises. Apart from its benefits to business networks,

League of Nations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

League of Nations - Essay Example The founders of the UN — the most significant international organization of our times — took the model of the League as a starting point for the new organization, based on the lessons learned from the experiences of the League (Grigorescu: 36, 38). The League proved to be outstanding in the field of health preventing the spread of diseases. Its agency, the Health Organization later became the World Health Organization. The International Labor Organization started in those days and continues to exist today. It also needs to be pointed out the work done in the Third World to improve the status of women and child slave labor; current issues among the non-governmental organizations and the UN. Drug smuggling was also targeted and in this aspect the League can be considered a precursor taking into account that before WWI only timid attempts were made in this issue. In addition, we need to bear in mind the foundation of the League’s work in this almost unlimited field: the scientific publications (Sweetser: 181).That is to say that the UN followed the structure of the League, inherited a number of agencies, and tried to improve them. The main organs of the League were the General Assembly formed by the Members of the League which main task was to decide on the organization’s policy (Article 3 of the Covenant adopted by the Paris Peace Conference in April 1919)); the Council that included 4 permanent members (Britain, France, Italy and Japan) and 4 (later became 9) others elected by the General Assembly every 3 years.... Drug smuggling was also targeted and in this aspect the League can be considered a precursor taking into account that before WWI only timid attempts were made in this issue. In addition, we need to bear in mind the foundation of the League's work in this almost unlimited field: the scientific publications (Sweetser: 181). That is to say that the UN followed the structure of the League, inherited a number of agencies, and tried to improve them. The main organs of the League were the General Assembly formed by the Members of the League which main task was to decide on the organization's policy (Article 3 of the Covenant adopted by the Paris Peace Conference in April 1919); the Council that included 4 permanent members (Britain, France, Italy and Japan) and 4 (later became 9) others elected by the General Assembly every 3 years; the Permanent Secretariat that prepared the agenda and published reports of the meetings (art.6); and it created the Permanent Court of International Justice (art. 13) which has been previously recommended by the Second Hague Conference but no agreement had been achieved at that time (Donnell: 404). When the UN was constituted the Council became the UN Security Council with the principal allies in WWII as the permanent members (UK, USSR, France, US and China); decisions are bindi ng on all members, but unanimity is not required; the Permanent Court of International Justice became the International Court of Justice; and the General Assembly and the Secretariat remained. With the League, authorization for any action required both a unanimous vote by the Council and a majority vote in the Assembly (art.5) making decisions difficult to

Nursing Theory and Research Essay Example for Free

Nursing Theory and Research Essay What is nursing (caring) according to Fawcett (1984)? Nursing is defined by American Association (1980) as the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems (cited in Fawcett, 1984, pg. 84). Diagnosis, according to the nursing process is when the nurses identify the actual problems and find out how to treat them in order to prevent any potential problems. According to Walker, 1971) nursing is establishing limits or boundaries in terms of the person  providing care; person with health problems receiving care; the environment in which care is given and an end-state, well-being (cited in Fawcett, 1984). This is related to what I mentioned before that the four concepts are interrelated; they cannot work on their own. The connections among the four metaparadigm concepts were clearly identified by Donalson and Cowley (1978) which states that nursing studies the wholeness or health of humans, recognizing that humans are in continuous interaction with their environments (cited in Rolfe, 1996, pg.6). This statement may be considered the major proposition of nursings metaparadigm. B: Christensens (1990) Partnership Model: Christensens (1990) Partnership Model identify the concept of a partnership as a basis for involvement between a nurse and a patient. This concept provides a sound humanistic foundation for nursing practice. From the patient view point, a partnership of equality and respect provides security. From nurses, patients are vulnerable or faced a situation, which requires care from health services. The experience of partnership empowers and enables people when they are patients, and we believe that security proved by the nursing partnership is a basic human right for a patient. For a partnership to exist and work effectively, there must be a willingness from all partners to collaborate as equals, and then to jointly make decisions and endeavour to solve problems. Christensen (1990) described partnership is initiated when the patient is admitted to hospital and ceases when they go home. It is a continuous process, which offered ways of looking at what happened when a nurse offered learned expertise to a person who is going through a health related experience. The learned expertise is known as nursing (caring). What is nursing (caring) according to Christensen (1990)? Although many nurses scholars described nursing according to their own research, Christensen (1990) defined nursing when a nurse offered learned expertise to a person who is going through a health related experience (pg.  47). Also, New Zealand Nurses Association (1990) defined nursing is a specialised expression of caring, concerned primary with enhancing the ability of individuals and groups to achieve their health potential within the realities of their life situations (pg. 7). So, nursing is the actions or treatment to help the patient promote health not only part of his body, but nursing is looking at the person holistically. As discuss by Christensen (1990), the major work of nurse-patient partnership is commences at the time of admission to hospital and continues until the patient goes home, as mentioned before. We could see that the work of the nurse is dynamic and sensitive as nursing strategies are selectively used to ease the pathway of each patient through an individual passage. The passage, according to Christensen (1990) is a social process, which can be used to describe an experience of a significant change in a persons circumstances (pg.26). It is characterised by the giving and receiving of nursing in order for the patient to make optimal progress through a health related experience. So, nursing is attending. According to Christensen (1990) attending takes place during the time of contact between the nurse and patient and also accompanies the patient through hospitalisation. Attending is the essence of partnership because it shows that nursing is caring and concerning about the change in patients life. Therefore, Christensens model of nursing partnership involved two or more people in a shared venture. It requires the nurse to view nursing as a collaborative between the nurse and the client. It initiated when the patient is admitted to hospital until they go home. It is a continuum process, which offered ways of looking at what happened when a nurse offered learned expertise to a person who is going through a health related experience. According to Peplau define nursing is how to put the constitution in such a state as that it will have no disease(Cited in Nightingale, 1992, pg. 48), which means what can and should nurses do to promote health, prevent illness and recovery from disease. As I mentioned above in Christensens model,  nurses work alongside with the patient but using nursing strategies to ease the path of the person by listening to them and taking heed of what they are saying. Moreover, is to comforting them in order to aid recovery from diseases they present. Harmer Henderson (1995, cited in Rolfe, 1996) point out that the unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or peaceful death). In Christensens partnership model is very similar to this idea as to assist the patient and supporting during this journey of sickness or seeking help with things that they are unable to do for themselves. That is the goal of nursing is to use their knowledge to find the most efficient and effective ways of carrying out nursing procedures to help their partner in nursing care, as the patient. Moreover, according to attend, being their for the patient and spending time with him in order to understand their needs. Also, ministering which Christensen defines as a selective application of nursing knowledge and skills to meet the identified needs of the patient. Within that knowledge, nurses have a systematic body of knowledge that underpins practice, which means, they know what to do, how to do it and why they are doing it. For example, an eighteen months old baby was brought from theatre whom he had a Gastrostomy. I took observations on him for half hourly for two hours and hourly after that. Why do I have to do that, because to identify any signs and symptoms of haemorrhage which is potential for shock. That is the basic knowledge that I have taught so far that this baby has a tendency of bleeding. It was very important for me for these observations. According to Christensen (1990) that the work of the nurse is dynamic and sensitive as nursing responds to the immediacy of the patients situation. During this time the nurse and the patient negotiate their partnership by looking at the work of the nurse and the work of the patient in order to cushion the impact on the patient of the disturbances associated with hospitalisation. Moreover, according to Christensen (1990) the passage is a social process  which can be used to describe an experience of a significant change in a persons circumstances (p.26). It is characterised by giving and receiving of nursing in order for the patient to make an optimal progress for a better health. In reality it may or may not lead to a beneficial passage. But, the work of the nurse begins as soon as the patient admitted to hospital. It is known as the beginning phase, which is to assist the client to attain the means, opportunities and the ability to act within the present circumstances, though the nurse-client partnership exists for all nursing goals and the expected outcomes may not always turn out as desired. The beginning is marked by the patient experiencing a health-related problem. The phase begins with awareness that something is wrong which requires an admission to hospital it may be days or weeks or whenever the patient takes responsible for his own self-management. This period precedes entry into the partnership, at the same time the patient prepares for the upcoming experience, whereas the nurse serves to make patient complete, whole being of a person or independent. And I believed this includes identifying the problems of the whole being of the person, that is, culturally, psychosocially and mentally. This relationship includes respect and acceptance of where the person is and the nurses openness to another persons reality. Caring relationships occur with individuals and family and their significant others. According to Levine (1973) described nursing as a human interaction. It is a discipline rooted in the organic dependency of the individual human being on his relationships with other human beings (Cited in Fawcett, 1984, pg 122). She further describe nursing as a subculture, possessing ideas and values which are unique to nurses, even though they mirror the social template which created them (ibid, pg, 123). This is true with nursing is caring for another human being which have their own culture, ideas and values which recognise themselves from whom they come from. When we compare with Christensens model (1990), interpreting is the attempt made by the nurse to attach meaning to the status of the patient and the situation (pg. 42). Including observing, monitoring, analysing,  translating, conceptualising, synthesising and decision-making. When assessing the patient and collecting data, nurses should recognise the social issues and cultural needs of the patient in order to provide treatment that are suitable for them. Moreover, as Christensen stated that the intentional presence of the nurse is essential for coming to know and understand what it means to be human and humans in relationship or partnership. This knowledge provides the basis for the mutual selection of interventions that can promote health and self-determination. That is the essence of partnership is engaging the person in the process of their journey from the time they face the problem and come in to hospital until they go home. Partnership includes intimacy, trust, and authenticity. Furthermore, commitment, responsibility and accountability, which are the nature of nursing which Christensen identifies. Not only that, caring takes place within the context of a therapeutic relationship and is considered a moral vital of nursing. According to Hendersons definition of nursing I say that the nurse does for others what they would do for themselves if they had the strength, the will and knowledge. But I go on to say that the nurse makes the patient independent of him or her as soon as possible. Nurse serves to make patient complete, whole or independent (Cited in USA Nursing Knowledge Consensus Conference, 1998) Conclusion: Although I found very difficult to understand Fawcetts description of the metaparadigm but at the end I found this very interesting to know that metaparadigm is like a framework that help me in my practice. Nursing has a unique responsibility to promote, protect and restore the clients holistic health. REFERENCES: Christensen, J. (1990) The Ethics of Care: Towards Partnership in Nursing, Lincoln University Press with Daphne Brasell Associates Ltd, London. Fawcett, J, (1984) The Metaparadigm of Nursing: Present Status and Future Refinements. Images: The journal of Nursing Scholarship, Vol. XVI, No. 3, pg. 84 7. Fawcett, J, (1984) Analysis and evaluation of conceptual models of nursing, F. A Davis Company, Philadelphia. USA Nursing Knowledge Consensus Conference, 1998, Consensus Statement on Emerging Nursing Knowledge, A value-Based Position Paper Linking Nursing knowledge and Practice Outcomes, Boston, Massachusetts

Anorexia and Bulimia :: Causes of Bulimia, Eating Disorders

ANOREXIA Anorexia or other wise know as Anorexia Nervosa, is a condition characterized by fear of gaining weight or becoming obese, as well as a distorted body image or in other words, someone who thinks that they are fat when they are probably already too thin. Such a distorted image can lead to an excessive weight loss from stopping food intake and or excessive exercise. Anorexia nervosa is not associated with any preexisting physical illness. It is found in teens and young adults, but especially young women. Between 5 and 18 percent of known anorexia nervosa victim’s die of starvation, Such a condition may also lead to abnormalities in the menstrual cycle and increased sensitivity to infection. People with the condition may also be throwing up food whenever they do eat this is known as bulimia. Repeated vomiting can deplete the body of fluids and potassium, and the disturbance can severely affect heart function. No generally therapy for anorexia nervosa exists. It is often associated with depression and low self-esteem, and patients may benefit from treatment with antidepressant drugs. Psychotherapy, including family therapy, can often helps, and about half of the cases resolve themselves without relapses. But because many persons with anorexia nervosa never go for medical treatment, the exact reason of the condition is unknown. Studies indicate that it may develop in as many as 1 percent of the young women in the United States. BULIMIA Bulimia is an eating disorder in which overconcern with body weight and shape leads to repeated binging (consuming large amounts of food in a short time) followed by induced vomiting, use of laxatives, fasting, and/or excessive exercise to control weight. Bulimia in itself does not result in severe weight loss. It can, however, cause gastrointestinal problems and serious potassium depletion, and teeth may be damaged due to the acid of the regurgitated food.

Poems

English Coursework Compare how strong human emotion Is conveyed in three poems from Section C of the Anthology and three other poems you have studied. Poetry engages readers with different forms of emotion; these emotions can be conveyed through stylish and subtle use of extraordinary language, form, structure and context, all of which provide an additional dimension to the literature. Emotion Is defined as a â€Å"strong feeling† and this will be explored in the paired poems: ‘Having' and ‘Remember'; ‘A Mother In A Refugee Camp' and ‘Mother Any Distance'; ‘Sonnet 1 16' and ‘If.The key themes in these passages are the universal feelings which we all experience, such as love and resentment. The poems In each pair share similar subject matter and messages. Poetry Is a thought-provoking way to explore the challenges encountered throughout our lives. These are demonstrated by the look and shape of a poem, the sophisticated vocabulary and emotion which can be depicted. Looking at the poems, I will explore how emotion is displayed and communicated to the reader. A Mother In a Refugee Camp' by China Achebe Is about the sadness of a mother who prepares o have her dear son take from her due to an unfortunate illness in the midst of a civil war refugee camp. The poem goes through four changing stages of emotion: reflection, sickness, pride and subsequently yet unfortunately ending in death. These emotions are universal experiences. Meaningful language Is used In the first line, â€Å"No Madonna and child could touch†, a religious reference used to describe the epitome of a mother and son relationship.The poem vividly describes the horrors taking place in the civil war, in lines such as, â€Å"heavy odors of diarrhea† and unwashed children with washed-out ribs† which graphically depict the experiences of disgust, as Intense pathos Is created at the expense of the children. Strong language is used so the reader can detect the stench of the odors and conceptualize the unwashed ribs of the children, as they're so desperate and in need of care. Huge pity Is Invoked In the reader as they can vividly picture what is happening In the camp.The â€Å"ghost-smile†, Is a false, fake smile displayed as the mother tries to behave with courage and strength at the most emotional time of her life, also provoking the reader as it did for me into feeling condolence and sympathy awards her. She is there in the present yet her mind is completely taken away from the camp Into reflecting upon memories. Comparatively ‘Mother Any Distance' by Simon Remarriage is a more thought-provoking poem as it delves into the ordeal of a young man leaving home and breaking free from his mother.It is thought-provoking because it allows the reader to reflect on one's own thoughts of this whether it is yet to come or a previous encounter. Loss and separation are two emotions felt In the paired poems but in contras ting contexts. ‘Mother Any Distance' focuses more on restoration whilst ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp' on total heartbreak. ‘Mother Any Distance' is written in free verse allowing flexibility in structure and vocabulary.Likewise, words invariably used to portray distance are used to create a sense of the loss that Is soon to take place, â€Å"acres†, â€Å"years† and â€Å"zero-end†, these Impact the reader leading them to understand that the distance between the mother and son in this 1 OFF created through such lines as â€Å"she soon would have to forget† and â€Å"other mothers there had long ceased to care†. However, in both poems there is a feeling of not being able to deny something that looms large.The repetition of the word ‘mother' shows us the maternal love she feels and the inability to let go of her son as he moves into adulthood. Fantastic imagery is used such as the metaphors â€Å"Anchor†, safe foundation s and â€Å"Kite†, this represents the process of flight. The â€Å"endless sky to fall or fly', the son is preparing to fly, to leave safety, knowing not what lies ahead. In ‘Mother Any Distance' the stanza size seems to increase as the distance between them grows. As in ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp' the mothers are devoted until the end.I feel that ‘Mother Any Distance' captivates me more as it has made me think owe my own experience will be and also because this is a more universal event. By contrast, ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp' is something that many cannot relate to or cannot understand the pain and agony. Carol Ann Duffy ‘Having' focuses on the emotions of loss and separation. Having or Miss Having as she is known in Charles Dickens' ‘Great Expectations' is an elderly character who in her younger life was left at the altar and continues to obsess over this.The selection to not include the Miss at the start of her name is unknown; I f eel that it may be due to her coming creature-like and Duffy wishing to focus on her as person and not Just a spinster. Duffy self-consciously transforms this novel character from being depressed in ‘Great Expectations' to a more aggressive angry character in the poem ‘Having'. An interesting and controversial alliterative ‘B' oxymoron â€Å"Beloved sweetheart bastard. † is used in line one. This shows that possibly Having still has thoughts of love towards her ex-fiance ©e but still holds a grudge long after their parting.Duffy uses vivid colors as symbols, starting in line three, â€Å"dark green pebbles for eyes† Rene representing the emotion of envy, with her sinister thoughts. Also, â€Å"pebbles† demonstrate that her feelings are unhealthy as she wishes such hatred to another human being. From line three, this turns out to be a continuous theme throughout the rest of the poem. At the end of the poem, emphasis is used with â€Å"the hea rt that b-b-b-breaks. † Having is hiding from the outside world as she is old and trembling whilst she reflects on her younger years.The poem is written in free verse, allowing a flow through freedom of a variety of words and sentence structures as there are no constraints as in a sonnet. The stanzas are broken down into lines of four, called a quatrain; the stanzas go through four stages of emotion; hatred, horror, reflection and further hatred, finishing the way it started, returning to the emotion of hatred. ‘Remember' by Christiana Rosettes is written in first person as is ‘Having' thus the reader has a sense of a relationship with the protagonists in the poem, creating more pathos.Rosettes was bought up in the times of the Pre-Raphael movement, possibly explaining why her poems were controversial with formerly inaudible religious references such as â€Å"Pray'. In these paired poems protagonists are similar in hat they are soul-destroyed and are both going th rough or reminiscing on emotional break downs. Repetition of the personal pronouns â€Å"me†, â€Å"you†, â€Å"our† and â€Å"l† highlight the intimacy of the personal relationship and highlight loss between two people, also affecting the way we interpret the poem as it could be about anyone. Having' in its regular verses of four is much unlike ‘Remember' with a solid block of emotional her. â€Å"Remember me when I am gone away', a very melancholy line stating how sad she is and that soon she will be departing, setting the tone and atmosphere for the rest of the poem. Gone far away into the silent land† says that where she is going will not be dreadful, she can be calm and relaxed here but â€Å"far away'; she will not be able to return. However, this could be viewed as a euphemism for death and like Hafnium's â€Å"beloved sweetheart bastard† create an oxymoron feel. Remember' is a sonnet (a 14 lined poem), self-contradictory in it s paradoxical form in which the feel of the poem changes two lines from its conclusion from a demanding command at the start of each quatrain â€Å"remember me† to â€Å"better by far you should forget and smile† a happier and quite nostalgic quote. It follows the rhyme pattern, ABA and iambic pentameter, which are regular patterns; this gives the poem a flow and beat. Along with the precise use of punctuation, used in the middle of lines on clause emphasis, called a caesura, often incorporated to emphasis a point, â€Å"Nor I half turn to go, yet turning stay. Compared to Having which follows no rhyme scheme, this is due to the constant use of enjambment. The emotions conveyed in ‘Having' and ‘Remember' are those of confusion and love. ‘Sonnet 116' by William Shakespeare was published in 1609 in the form of a Shakespearean sonnet. The focal point is the emotion of love which is defined as â€Å"a strong feeling of affection†, which in Shakesp earean times perhaps had more meaning and more importance.Love is prominent throughout the poem through the use of poetic devices and fanciful language in the metaphors, â€Å"the star to every wandering bark† and â€Å"an ever-fixed mark', in an attempt to define the indefinable love. Shakespeare is trying to declare to us that love can't be altered by any means â€Å"love alters not with his brief hours and weeks. † Love is eternal, â€Å"bears it out even to the edge of doom†. To summaries what Shakespeare is attempting to say Where there is life there is love'. The poem has a rhetorical theme of love and what it is, which can be interpreted in many different ways.Comparably love, like the poem, has no real end or conclusion. After all, love is a philosophical perception. Rudyard Kipling ‘If like ‘1 16' explores the conflicting emotions of love and pride. ‘If is a didactic poem, meaning to give instruction. ‘If serves as an instructio n in this case to an exceptional leader, illustrating the actions a man should take throughout life, such as never giving up, â€Å"If you can wait and not be tired by waiting†. The creative use of an exclamation mark, manfully be a man, my son! † captivates the reader's attention and adds sudden enthusiasm to a rather serious poem.Writing to children, the rhyme scheme ABA assists coherence and comprehension. The paired poems are written in iambic pentameter, offering a regular pattern which also adds a ironically and infatuating quality to the poem. ‘If' is written in four stanzas of eight rhyming lines, in its order of ABA, whilst ‘1 16' is split into three quatrains and a couplet. The structure of the paired poems emphasizes the emotions depicted. The rhyme scheme in ‘If gives a sincere yet uplifting feel whilst ‘1 16' is more sophisticated.

Detailed Description of the Qualifications Essay

Full Day Care This is a structured care service where children attend for more than 5 hours per day and which may include a sessional pre-school service for pre-school children not attending the full day care service. Providers typically care for children from 3 months to 6 years. Some services may also include an after-school facility, typically for children from 4 to 12 years of age. In full day care, sleeping arrangements and food preparation must meet standards laid down by the Health Service Executive (HSE) and the Child Care(Pre-school Services) Regulations 2006. Providers include day nurseries and crà ¨ches. These services mainly meet the needs of parents who are involved in work, education and training and cater for the broadest age group of children. Full Day Care provisions can be private or community based. Structures can be based on voluntary boards of management, limited companies, private ownership or companies with investors. Childcare Assistant Childcare assistants must hold a certificate for a major award in childcare/ early education at a minimum of level 5 on the National Framework of Qualification (NFQ) of Ireland or an equivalent nationally recognised qualification.The minimum qualification under the ECCE Scheme is a full FETAC Level 5 ( previously NCVA level 2) award or equivalent on the National Framework of Qualifications. Childcare assistants work under supervision and within the line management system of the childcare service. Desirable levels of experience range from 1 to 2 years relevant experience in childcare post qualification. Childcare assistants work together with other childcare staff to ensure safety and well-being of the children in their care and to implement and adhere to the standards and policies laid down by management and the Child Care( Pre-School Services) Regulations 2006. Childcare assistants have a clear understanding of the Child Protection Policy of the childcare service and participate in its implementation. Childcare assistants are responsible for ensuring that activities in each session allow the children to experience creative,  imaginative, physical, social and cognitive play. Childcare assistants require an excellent knowledge of child development and record the progress of each child on daily basis. Childcare assistants require excellent communication skills in dealing with children and parents and to participate in a team. Childcare assistant have to know Aistear as it helps them plan for and provide enjoyable and challenging learning experiences, so that the children who have access to this curriculum can grow and develop into competent learners who have loving relationships with others. Childcare assistants have to use Siolta in conjunction with the Aistear curriculum framework. Childcare assistants are required to treat all information they receive with the strictest confidence and professionalism. The job requires a high level of physical activity. Childcare assistants are required to attend regular meetings to discuss curriculum, activities and child development. They are also required to attend relevant training courses and childcare network meetings on an ongoing basis.

Leadership and Mentoring The WritePass Journal

Leadership and Mentoring Introduction Leadership and Mentoring Introduction ‘People make history and not the other way around. In periods where there is no leadership, society stands still. Progress occurs when courageous, skilful leaders seize the opportunity to change things for the better’. Harry S. Truman (1884-1972) What makes a good leader? Can u make a leader or do you just have to be born with the attributes that make you a good leader. Every leader is unique, due to their approaches, qualities and leadership styles. Leaders exist in all aspects of life, from head of the household to the leader of a company. Their roles maybe different but overall purpose is the same, to lead his team. Mentoring can be quite different due to the role, but often overlaps with leadership. Mentors also exist in different contexts. Mentors can exist in an academic environment, work atmosphere as well as informal setting between friends. For the remainder of this assignment we will discuss the definitions of leadership and mentoring in the context of different literature. We will be comparing these topics and contrasting the definitions. We will then be discussing the qualities of good leaders and mentors and highlighting the negative aspects which can surface. We will then apply these qualities to ourselves and analyse how we can make good leaders or mentors depending on the context. Literature Review on Leadership Due to the diverse aspects of leadership there is no set definition on leadership. Leadership is a function of knowing yourself, having a vision that is well communicated, building trust among colleagues, and taking effective action to realize your own leadership potential. (Warren Bennis). According to Max Landsberg in ‘Tools of Leadership’ (2003), leadership can be defined in five areas. Leadership is process of initiating change and then controlling that change. This highlights that leaders need to develop the organisation they are in charge of and evolve it into something bigger and better. Leadership is being creative. This reflects that leadership is about new ideas and innovation. Leadership is about being intrinsic. The ability to be interpersonal within their team, delegating responsibility to other team members and deal with people on a more personal level. Leadership should be effective. What good is a leader if no one listens to what he has to say? Leadership is developed with time. A good leader will make the right decisions at the right time, when they are needed. Fred E. Fiedler and Martin M. Chemers in ‘Improving Leadership Effectiveness’, (1984) gave a different definition. ‘the leadership role or function involves the motivation, direction, supervision, guidance and evaluation of others for the purpose of accomplishing a task.’ Fiedler and Chemers looked at different aspects of leadership. The ability of being motivational is a very important aspect of leading a team. If you can’t stimulate your team to be productive, then the existence of your team would be irrelevant. It mentions the need for direction. This outlines the importance of having a target or aim, which a good leader will have in mind when doing any task. It is only when they can visualise their goals that they can achieve it. Supervision is a very important aspect of leadership. A good leader should know what each member of their team is doing in terms of the task at hand. This can include having certain rules, principles and boundaries, which the leader must observe that their team is abiding by to maintain structure and control. It is not enough to tell your team what to do and expect it done. A leader needs to guide their team, by identifying weaknesses and turning into something positive. This is complimented by evaluating performan ce, which can indicate how a team is doing what a leader should be focussing on. Every individual will have their own interpretation of the definition on leadership, which leads to the different approaches adopted by different leaders. Authoritarian Leadership Authoritarian leaders have the opinion that their team requires direction. This quality can be seen as a positive and a negative. Authoritarian leader will provide guidance and direction when attempting to achieve goals but do not always consider the need to be lenient. According to Northouse (2009), this is a positive quality when individuals in team need supervision due to their irresponsible behaviour or laid back attitude, therefore the leader must be told what to do or not to do either by incentives or disciplinary action. This quality can also be portrayed as a negative when leaders do not give room for creativity or opinion as they are too focussed on doing tasks in their own way. Anderson (2010) indicated that this leadership approach does not give individuals to voice their opinions or ideas especially when trying to find solutions, due to the leader view that their ideas are the best. This can lead strained relationships between leaders and their teams, when individuals are not given the space to express them self, which can lead to lack of motivation. Democratic Leadership This leadership style is concerned with a trusting approach, where the leader will delegate the work and duties and trust his members to complete the task at hand. This approach allows the members to make decisions on their own initiative and encourages them to be creative. The leader has to know and trust that his team are capable and have the ability to perform. Trust is built on good communication and having a good relationship with your subordinates. This approach of leadership is very motivational as it encourages members to voice their opinion and views, whilst knowing that will be considered. This makes individuals feel valued and will increase satisfaction and self worth. However this approach has negative effects as discussed by Northouse (2009), who mentions that due to the trust element of this approach, it would not be always possible for a task to be completed when there is a time restriction, when every individual has their own way of doing things. In times of urgency a n authoritarian approach is more efficient when everyone is told what to do when to do it and how to do it. The democratic approach requires patience from the leader’s point of view to allow the team to do the task in their way. Laissez-Fair Leadership This approach of leadership is about leaders giving full freedom to their team to fully work at their own initiative, without any influence or pressures. According to Anderson (2010) the laissez fair approach is ideal when creativity is a key element of the project. It does not limit individual vision and creativity. For this approach to be effective, it is vital that each member is responsible for motivating themselves to get the job done. This can create a problem when individuals are not motivated and cannot complete the task at hand. Ethical Leadership This approach focuses on ethical aspects of a leader’s characteristics. According to Northouse (2009), characteristics such as honesty, reliability, integrity are vital elements of ethical leadership. This allows others to trust their leader and show a sense of confidence in terms of decision making. If these characteristics did not exist within a leader, their followers would not take the leader very seriously or have the same amount of respect. This could lead to a lack of authority. Ethical leaders need to have a positive impact due to their charisma and reliability. By presenting themselves as reliable, honesty and trustworthy leaders can gain confidence from others, which makes them more credible in terms of their views and decisions. Literature Review on Mentoring ‘Mentoring is a term generally used to describe a relationship between a less experienced individual, called a mentee or protà ©gà ©, and a more experienced individual known as a mentor. Traditionally, mentoring is viewed as a dyadic, face-to-face, long-term relationship between a supervisory adult and a novice student that fosters the mentee’s professional, academic, or personal development’ Donaldson, Ensher, Grant-Vallone, (2000). Mentor is taken from the Greek word for ‘male guide’, which is now used to describe someone who gives guidance. As described above the relation of a mentor and mentee is that of supervision to achieve a sense of personal development. This is also the definition given by Kogler-Hill et al, (1989) who described mentoring when an experienced member of an organisation guides a lesser experienced individual. Mumford (1997) also defined mentoring as an ‘advisory relationship’. This was broadened in the definition by Olian et al. (1988) who defined mentoring as ‘ a senior member of the profession or organisation who shares values, provides emotional support, career counselling, information and advice, professional and organisational sponsorship, facilitates access to key organisations and professional networks’. However Levinson et al (1978) described the mentor relationship to be ‘one of the most complex and developmentally important’. This was due to the fact mentoring was not a formal role so cannot be given a narrow definition but was dependant on the individual relationship and the purpose behind it. Characteristics of Good Leaders As we looked at the different types of leadership styles, they all have different qualities which appear to be vital to their role. A good leader should be competent to complete the task at hand. No matter which leadership style you choose to adopt the leader needs to have the ‘know how’ to do whatever it is they are trying to do. If they are not competent in the task how can they possibly brief their team who are reliant on the leader to guide them? A good leader needs to be confident in what they are doing. It is only when they have self belief that they can motivate their team. In times of difficulty individuals will look to the leader for assurance and guidance. If the leader is hesitant, insecure and doubting them self, how can they boost the self esteem of the people who they are leading? Bass’s Model of transformational leadership (1980’s) highlighted characteristics that a good leader should possess. These characteristics were split into four areas. Idealised Influence (Vision) Inspirational Motivation (Charisma) Intellectual Stimulation Individualised Consideration A leader needs to be influential and motivational if they are to push their team to achieve what they have set out to do. In order to be influential the leader needs to have a vision in mind, which they can then persuade their team to believe. Once the vision is shared there can be a sense of direction. In order to be influential a leader must show charisma and have a personality that shows presence. Charismatic leaders are most effective as they have a positive effect on their subordinates. However some leaders will appear to be very confident, but they will have no substance or depth in what they appear to be capable of. As the famous saying ‘they can talk the talk but can they walk the walk?’ They can give orders; makes themselves look good and take the praise for the hard work that others have put in. This behaviour is known as Pseudo- Charismatic. Good leaders need to intellectually stimulating in terms of their subordinates. They need to know how to deal with and handle different people in different situations, as everyone is different and responds in different ways to different techniques. They need to be encouraging and making people think about things that they would not usually visualise. Encourage people to think outside the box and to go beyond their usual thinking and understanding in order to be creative and solve problems. It is often said that to get respect you have to give it. This is what is highlighted when looking at individualised consideration. Leaders have to genuinely care about their team. They have to be sympathetic to their issues and well being. They have to communicate with them appropriately and effectively, whilst showing respect. Leaders should not be influences by prejudices or treat people differently. Even is individuals are different due to ethnicity, disability or any other element, leaders should turn their diversity into a positive aspect as they bring something different to the table. Be it a different experience, skill or just personality. Diversity should be embraced. Characteristics of Good Mentors In order to be a capable mentor there certain attributes they should adopt. They have to have a genuine passion of developing their mentees, as well as developing themselves. They have to be committed to the development of their mentee and communicate well and create a relationship based on trust. They have to understand their mentee’s needs and requirement, as well as their weaknesses in order to help them grow. They also have to competent in the field their mentee wants to learn about and have the relevant experience behind them in order to guide their mentee effectively. They should clarified goals which need to be targeted in order to get the mentee to exactly where they want to go. There has to be a sense of professionalism, but in good proportion. Too much professionalism can make the mentee feel intimidated so it is good to have a balance. Brockbank and McGill (2006) highlighted some general qualities, which can be seen as the most vital ones of all. Mentors need to be good listeners, if they are to guide their mentee. They should take in what exactly the mentee is trying to achieve and understand their requirements and issues. They should show compassion to their weaknesses and help them to develop them into strengths. They should give feedback in terms of constructive criticism but not so much that their mentee’s esteem is lowered. They should question their views so the mentee can think more critically about them self and challenge their own ideas in order to assist their own development.          Self Reflection There have many times where I have taken the role of a mentor, often in a work atmosphere as well as an academic environment. I work part time as a finance officer and have been in this position for the last three year. My job comes naturally to me and I am left to go about my role without any interference from management or other members of staff. Due to the increase of work load, my manager decided that it was time I employed an assistant, who could assist me with my work and take on my role when I was out of the office. So from last year I have had to train my assistant to do my job. My overall goal was to develop her into a finance officer. My first step was to create a relationship and try to understand what she was like as a person. How I could communicate with her? I arranged informal meetings with her, usually in a coffee shop. We would talk generally, so she would relax around and not feel intimidated. Then I would gradually discuss work matters. Then I would ask her to swit ch roles and explain to me how things needed to be done. She would often get things confused or wrong, but I would wait until she had finished discussing then question why she would do things in that particular way. Often when she thought about it she would realise where she had gone wrong. There were times when my assistant would get overwhelmed especially in times when there were deadlines to meet. I would realise that there was obviously issues that needed to be dealt with. So then I would listen to the issues she was facing, such as there is an issue in accounts that she could not seem to fix, or there was an issue with a client and she did not know how to deal with it. I would assist her and guide her until she would be able to do it herself. Nine months have passed now, and I have been on a three week leave. This time last year I would never be able take leave from the office, but now my assistant can pretty much fill my place when I am out of the office. There are very rarely occasions now when my assistant asks for help. I can brief her on a task and I know she would complete it to a very high standard. I took some time and did the questionnaire based on studies of Marquadt and Loan (2006) titled ‘how ready are you to be a mentor?’ I scored 145 out of a possible 150. This confirmed to me that I am a capable mentor, as I have learnt from experience. I hope that I get the opportunity to mentor other people, as this gives me the chance to develop my people skills whilst developing other peoples. References Northouse, P. (2001). Leadership theory and practice, 2nd edition, London: Sage Publications. Chemers, M.M, Fiedler, F.E (1984) Importance of leadership effectiveness, 2nd edition, New York: John Wiley sons Inc. Gold, J, Thorpe, R, Mumford, A. (2010) Leadership and management development, 5th edition, London: Chartered Institute of personal Development Brockbank, A., McGill, I. (2006) Facilitating Reflective Learning through Mentoring and Coaching.London Pask, R. and Joy B. (2007) mentoring-coaching a guide for education professionals. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Anderson, M. (2010) The Leadership Book. Canada: Pearson Education Bass, B.M. Avolio, B. J. (1996) Postscripts: Recent Developments for improving Organisational Effectiveness, Sage. Bass, B. M., Riggio, R. M. (2006) Transformational Leadership. New Jersey:   Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Meginson, D. (2006) Mentoring in Action: A Practical Guide. London: Kogan Page Ltd. Landsberg, M. (2003), The tools of leadership. London: Profile Books http://ehrweb.aaas.org (accessed 27/04/2011)

A Comparative Analysis O F The Education System In China And The USA

A Comparative Analysis O F The Education System In China And The USA Primary education is the foundation in educational systems no matter in USA or China. Basic language skills, mathematical skills and scientific concepts are introduced to children at ages 4-7. Children continue to build on these concepts through to the age of 12 or 13 until they finish primary education and receive higher education. Still, similarities and differences can be found between the two countries of primary education. Primary education in China includes preschool and elementary education. Preschool can last up to three years, with children entering as early as age 3, until age 6, when they typically enter elementary school. To compare with primary education in the United States typically refers to the first six years of formal education in most jurisdictions. Primary education may also be referred to as elementary education and most schools offering these programs are referred to as elementary schools. But for USA the preschool programs are less formal and usually not mandated by law, are generally not considered part of primary education. The first year of primary education is commonly referred to as kindergarten and begins at age 5. Subsequent years are usually numbered being referred to as first grade, second grade, and so forth. The United States of America primary school usually offers a basic core subjects which are language, mathematics, science, social, sports and health, music and art education. Apart from sports, music, arts and crafts needing to the fixed site or the classroom, which can be discharged outside of class, the other sections are taught in a class by a teacher. Most schools also have no fixed schedule, only by the teacher’s master and arrangement. Unlike â€Å"learning† is the crucial factor of USA primary education, in China â€Å"teaching† is the crucial factor. We also have the courses of language, mathematics, science, social, sports and health, music and art education, but primary school must use the same textbook, teachers have no power to change it. And teaching quality is judged by other teachers. In this aspect, teacher would choose what they consider to be â€Å"useful† to teach their students. But it turns out that is not useful in their real life, bu t only in the exam. There are dig differences between USA and China in terms of primary education. The primary education in USA place emphasis on diversity and free learning atmosphere, and the life principle is that -play, learn, grow and together, which is what we lack and need to modestly study. While there is no strict core system in the content of the curriculum, happy growth reduce to follow one’s own inclination. In conclusion, each has its own merits. All we need to do is learn from each other, take the essence and discard the dregs, and grow together.

ENERGY WEDGES Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

ENERGY WEDGES - Lab Report Example VII. All the 8 strategies we chose werefilled out in the Wedge Worksheet and we totaled the cuts from each energy sector (Electricity, Transport, and Heat) and costs. A scoring table was used to predict how different interest groups ratedour wedges. (Hotinski) Our group discussed and the contributing really substantially. All the members came to a consensus on the choice of wedges that we made.The wedges were selected with a basis of the ease of achieving them and the effectiveness of each wedge. However we agreed that none of the wedges could create the stabilization triangle on its own and also none of the wedges was 100% effective. (Hotinski) Each of the 8 strategies above has the potential to reduce global carbon emissions by at least 1 billion tons per year by 2054, or 1 wedge. Using a combination of strategies will be needed to build the 7 wedges of the stabilization triangle. In summary, a single strategy cannot build the entire stabilization triangle. To keep pace with global energy needs at the same time, the world must find energy technologies that emit little to no carbon, plus develop the capacity for carbon storage. Many strategies available today can be scaled up to reduce emissions by at least 1 billion tons of carbon per year by 2054. We call this reduction a â€Å"wedge† of the triangle. By embarking on several of these wedge strategies now, the world can take a big bite out of the carbon problem instead of passing the whole job on to future generations